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ASTM Terminology

ASTM Terminology

The basic reference for the Unified Soil Classification System is ASTM D 2487.  Terms include:

Coarse-Grained Soils

 

More than 50 percent retained on a 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve

Fine-Grained Soils

 

50 percent or more passes a 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve

Gravel

 

Material passing a 75-mm (3-inch) sieve and retained on a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.

Coarse Gravel

 

Material passing a 75-mm (3-inch) sieve and retained on a 19.0-mm (3/4-inch) sieve.

Fine Gravel

 

Material passing a 19.0-mm (3/4-inch) sieve and retained on a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.

Sand

 

Material passing a 4.75-mm sieve (No. 4) and retained on a 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.

Coarse Sand

 

Material passing a 4.75-mm sieve (No. 4) and retained on a 2.00-mm (No. 10) sieve.

Medium Sand

 

Material passing a 2.00-mm sieve (No. 10) and retained on a 0.475-mm (No. 40) sieve.

Fine Sand

 

Material passing a 0.475-mm (No. 40) sieve and retained on a 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.

Clay

 

Material passing a 0.075-mm (No. 200) that exhibits plasticity, and strength when dry (PI ³ 4).

Silt

 

Material passing a 0.075-mm (No. 200) that is non-plastic, and has little strength when dry (PI < 4).

Peat

 

Soil of vegetable matter.

Note that these definitions are Unified Soil Classification system definitions and are slightly different than those of AASHTO.  The table below shows the Unified Soil Classification system (ASTM).

Unified Soil Classification (USC) System (from ASTM D 2487)
 
Major Divisions Group
Symbol
Typical Names

Course-Grained Soils
More than 50% retained
on the 0.075 mm
(No. 200) sieve

Gravels
50% or more of course
fraction retained on
the 4.75 mm
(No. 4) sieve

Clean Gravels

GW

Well-graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures, little or no fines

GP

Poorly graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures, little or no fines

Gravels
with Fines

GM

Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixtures

GC

Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures

Sands
50% or more of course
fraction passes
the 4.75
(No. 4) sieve

Clean Sands

SW

Well-graded sands and gravelly sands, little or no fines

SP

Poorly graded sands and gravelly sands, little or no fines

Sands
with Fines

SM

Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures

SC

Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures

Fine-Grained Soils
More than 50% passes
the 0.075 mm
(No. 200) sieve

Silts and Clays
Liquid Limit 50% or less

ML

Inorganic silts, very fine sands, rock four, silty or clayey fine sands

CL

Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly/sandy/silty/lean clays

OL

Organic silts and organic silty clays of low plasticity

Silts and Clays
Liquid Limit greater than 50%

MH

Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sands or silts, elastic silts

CH

Inorganic clays or high plasticity, fat clays

OH

Organic clays of medium to high plasticity

Highly Organic Soils

PT

Peat, muck, and other highly organic soils

Prefix: G = Gravel, S = Sand, M = Silt, C = Clay, O = Organic    
Suffix: W = Well Graded, P = Poorly Graded, M = Silty, L = Clay, LL < 50%, H = Clay, LL > 50%

 

 

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